泡泡教你區(qū)分 where,which,that,who,whose,what的用法
北京泡泡少兒冬令營(yíng)用來(lái)說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時(shí)也可說明整個(gè)主句或主句中一部分)而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子叫作定語(yǔ)從句。
北京新東方泡泡少兒冬令營(yíng):
一.詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. 關(guān)系代詞用來(lái)指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞
句子成分 用于限制從句或非限制性從句 只用于限制性從句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主語(yǔ) who which that
主語(yǔ) whom which that
賓語(yǔ) whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1:this is the detective who came from london.
例2:the book which i am reading is written by tomas hardy.
例3:the desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:this is the room that shakespeare was born in.
2.關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關(guān)系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如:
all the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾,關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:
(3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語(yǔ)用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如:
there are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語(yǔ),也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:
he succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物,在從句中作表語(yǔ),(指人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)多用who)僅用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。
(6) which可作表語(yǔ),既可指人,以可指物。指人時(shí),一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體,關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員,則用who。
(8) 先行詞有兩個(gè),一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。例如:
the boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如:
is there anyone here who will go with you?
3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞“是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) “介詞+關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。“介詞+關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where為“介詞+關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu),但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
we stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開。例如:
this is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),why充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。
2. that可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)或原因
that有時(shí)可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或者why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)或原因,在 that引導(dǎo)的這種定語(yǔ)從句中,that也可以省去。
三.限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1.二者差異比較
限制定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,同先行詞這間一般不加逗號(hào),僅修飾先行詞,可以由關(guān)系代詞.關(guān)系副詞或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅作補(bǔ)充或說明,用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個(gè)主句,不可用that引導(dǎo)。
2.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù)
(1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語(yǔ)的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞,作主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的可選用關(guān)系代詞。
3. 先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句隔離
定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,但定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有時(shí)也會(huì)插入別的成分,構(gòu)成先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句的隔離。例如:
1) this is the article written by him that is poke to you about..
2) he was the only person in this country who was invited
四.as 在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法
1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
(1)as多與such 或the same連用,可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
(2)as 也可單獨(dú)使用,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,作用相當(dāng)于which。例如:
the elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
(3)the same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的位置
as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置較靈活,可以位于主句前面.中間或后面,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
(1) as is expected, the england team won the football match.
(2) the earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.