來(lái)源:本站原創(chuàng)    點(diǎn)擊率:    發(fā)布: 2013-10-31

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由have的人稱形式加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。他的肯定、否定及疑問(wèn)形式如下：

武漢英語(yǔ)冬令營(yíng)介紹 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　i have read it.

　　i have not read it.

　　have you read it?

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)刻以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，可以是：

　　1. 到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時(shí)期中發(fā)生的情況（可能時(shí)多次動(dòng)作的總和，也可表示狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作）：

　　we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.

　　how many pages have you covered today?

　　i haven’t seen him for many days.

　　2. 對(duì)現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：

　　the delegation has already left.

　　i have seen the film many times.

　　the city has taken on a new look.

　　注： 這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)還可以表示過(guò)去曾發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的情況，也可以說(shuō)是一種經(jīng)歷：

　　all our children have had measles.

　　man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.

　　he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.

　　這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的基本特點(diǎn)是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系，或是講迄今為止這一段時(shí)間的情況，或是講一個(gè)影響現(xiàn)狀的動(dòng)作，這樣它不是從時(shí)間上就是從后果上和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)。根據(jù)這個(gè)特點(diǎn)我們可以判斷什么時(shí)候用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，什么時(shí)候用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　1. 當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)的狀語(yǔ)（包括when）時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　i saw her a minute ago.

　　just now xiao lin came to see you.

　　when did you get to know it?

　　2.當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.

　　we haven’t had any physical training classes this week.

　　he has learned a good deal since he came here.

　　3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never這類副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.

　　have you got the plan ready yet? ╟no, not yet.

　　i’ve just received a money order.

　　4.在單獨(dú)談一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，不涉及它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響時(shí)，通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如果談一件已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，不考慮它是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　did you get up very early?

　　has he got up?

　　what did you have for lunch?

　　have you had lunch?

　　i got the news from xiao yu.

　　i’ve got no news from him.

　　注： 有since引起的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，主要謂語(yǔ)通常用完成時(shí)態(tài)：

　　we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).

　　it has rained a great deal since you left.

　　we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　l 在使用一個(gè)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞（如be, seem等）作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，間或也可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)：

　　it’s ok since i fixed it.

　　it seems a long time since i was here.

　　i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 間或用過(guò)去時(shí)，特別時(shí)在口語(yǔ)中。

　　i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.

　　在since引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。但間或可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　i haven’t seen him since i have been back.

　　since i have known her, she has been fond of sports.

　　有時(shí)同樣一句漢語(yǔ)，由于使用場(chǎng)合不用，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)可能需要不同時(shí)態(tài)：

　　has xiao yang come?

　　did xiao yang come?

　　how many people have gone to the factory?

　　how many people went to the factory?

　　we haven’t invited him.

　　we didn’t invite him.

　　有時(shí)同樣一個(gè)動(dòng)作，也隨著說(shuō)話的意圖不同而用不同時(shí)態(tài)表示：

　　has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句談動(dòng)作本身，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)聯(lián)系。

　　have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午飯了嗎？在那吃的？

　　has she left? why did she leave so early?

　　某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)刻表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：

　　how have you been (recently)?

　　the conference has lasted five days.

　　we’ve known each other since we were children.

　　特別是動(dòng)詞be，是常常這樣用的：

　　he’s been back for three days. （不能用has come back）

　　she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能說(shuō)has become)

　　he has been in college for a year. (不能說(shuō)has entered)

　　由于come, become, enter和get up 等動(dòng)詞都只代表一個(gè)短暫的動(dòng)作，不能代表一個(gè)延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，這是需要用be來(lái)表示延續(xù)的狀態(tài)：

　　另外有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（主要是work, study, teach, live等）可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)動(dòng)作：

　　how long have you worked here？

　　she has taught english for many years.

　　we’ve lived here for quite a few years.

　　但大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞不宜這樣用，而需用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　注：have been (to)長(zhǎng)可用來(lái)表示“到過(guò)某地”或“剛?cè)プ鲞^(guò)某事”

　　have you ever been to xi’an?

　　xiao liu has just been here.

　　we’ve been here(there)many times.

　　l 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作：

　　i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed.

　　we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then

　　i will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through.

　　這利用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”時(shí)表示這動(dòng)作將在另一動(dòng)作之前完成。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，（也就是說(shuō)一個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著另一個(gè)動(dòng)作），一般就不用這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：

　　i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.

　　she’ll write you when she gets there.

　　在這樣的情況下（特別是當(dāng)我們用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)），多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以用：

　　we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.

　　i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).

　　注：have got 形式上時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，卻和have時(shí)同一個(gè)意思：

　　she has got (=has) a slight temperature.

　　have you got (=do you have) any sisters?

　　另外，現(xiàn)在有一種傾向，特別是在美國(guó)，在隨便談話時(shí)，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　i saw it already (=i have seen it already).

　　did you return the records yet （=have you returned the records yet）？

　　i just come back (=i’ve just come back).