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獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

此獨(dú)立形式只是一個(gè)小短語，而不是主謂完整的簡(jiǎn)單句，又稱之為獨(dú)立分詞構(gòu)句。當(dāng)分詞意義上的主語不是主句的主語時(shí)，必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語，否則語意不通。示例：
being ill in bed, i can't go to school.
mother being ill in bed, i can't go to school.
1． 獨(dú)立主結(jié)構(gòu)形式可用以表時(shí)間，理由，條件，伴隨狀態(tài)等。
he lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
= he lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.
weather permitting, i'll start tomorrow.
= if weather permits, i'll start tomorrow.
school being over, the boys went home.
= when school was over, the boys went home.
the sun having set, we arrived at the station.
= after the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
重點(diǎn)：當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的主語表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you時(shí)，主語可省略，此用法常用于下列表達(dá)方式中：
generally speaking 一般來說
strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說
talking of ... 談到
speaking of ... 說到
judging from ... 由……來判斷
taking all things into consideration 把一切都考慮在內(nèi)
considering ... 考慮到……
[示例]
if we judge from his face, he must be ill.
= judging from his face, he must be ill.
he has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
= he has lots of books, considering that he is young.
2．with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式之一。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語（表示原因，方式，伴隨等）和定語，作定語時(shí)緊隨被修飾名詞后。
(1) with+ 名詞 + 介詞短語
the woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
the boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
(2) with + 名詞 + adj.
with the door open, he left the classroom.
(3) with + 名詞 + adv.
with the gloves off, she felt cold.
with the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
(4) with + 名詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞（主動(dòng)）
    with + 名詞 + 過去分詞（被動(dòng)）
with the guide leading us, we got to the village.
the boy was crying with the vase broken.
(5) with + 名詞 + 不定式
with the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.